Value and Risk Management in construction UAE

An Evaluation of Current and Potential Future Application of Value and Risk Management into Construction Project Management Professional Services in the Construction Sector in the UAEAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abstract: The UAE had an unprecedented boom in its construction sector between 2004 and 2008. This ended during the international financial crisis of 2008. As a result, the UAE Prime Minister issued a decree requiring all contractors to use green principles in construction projects. The high-end construction market responded by adopting stronger VRM practices. The state of VRM in the UAE is that it is growing in prominence. However, the professionals in the area are very few. In many cases, external consultants provide VRM services. The future of VRM in the UAE requires better training for undergraduate engineers, to supple ment the efforts of the existing postgraduate VRM professionals. General Structure of the Paper This paper has two main sections. The paper includes a literature review covering the essential background of both value management and risk management, and the result of the combination of the two, into value and risk management. The paper also presents the findings of a survey conducted to determine the VRM awareness levels of professionals in the construction sector in the UAE. The paper concludes by presenting the conclusions obtained in answer to the problem statement. Introduction The UAE is a regional leader in the application of VRM principles. This paper seeks to examine the issues that have an impact on VRM practices in the UAE and the implications of these issues for the future. The period between 2004 and 2008 will remain etched in the memory of the UAE as the heyday of the construction industry. In that time, value management did not command much respect because investors in the construction sector did not demand efficiency in their projects. They favored fast pace construction over cost management. The result of this attitude is that the UAE is now home to some of the most energy intensive skyscrapers in the world. Value and risk management is slowly finding its place in the construction sector. The rules have changed. It is no longer survival for the swiftest in the UAE, but survival of the fittest. This article examines the current state and future opportunities of value management in the UAE.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More VRM in the UAE In any business, value comes from business processes. The professional process of ensuring that a certain process yields maximum value for the stakeholder at the least cost is value management . The definition of value in this case is not just the financial value. Rather it is value in the context of the ba lanced scorecard, which covers the financial value, value from internal processes, value for the customer in question, and value in terms of transferable experience for the contractor . On the other hand, risk management is an active process of finding potential events or circumstances that can affect the progress of a project if they take place during the life of the project . The occurrence of risk must be uncertain. Otherwise, the event ceases to be a risk. Risks associated with the construction sector range from material defects to industrial action by workers. The cost of many construction projects is very high. This creates the need to manage risks as effectively as possible. Risk management involves the identification of potential events that will trigger the risk and determining the probability of occurrence of that event. After that, the risk manager quantifies the impact of the occurrence of risk-causing event on the project in terms of loss of life, time, money, and busin ess opportunities. It is possible to view risk management as a specialized form of value management because risk can erode the value of a project. It serves a preventative purpose. Value management on the other hand aims at increasing value from the processes by reducing costs or increasing the utility of the outcomes of the project . According to Karim, Berawi, Yahya, Abdul-Rahman, and Mohamed (2007) the value management process has three stages namely, value planning, value engineering and value analysis. Value planning takes place during the planning phase of the project. Value engineering occurs during construction, while value analysis takes place after the construction phase. Value analysis helps in the establishment of measures to ensure that the value gained during the value engineering process lasts throughout the useful life of the building. The risk management process involves risk identification, analysis, response, and monitoring . Risk identification and analysis take place during the planning of the project at the same time as value planning. Risk monitoring takes place throughout the active life of the project. The construction teams use risk indicators to monitor the risks. Risk response depends on whether the risk events take place or not. If a risk occurs, risk response takes place. The amalgamation of risk management (RM) and value management (VM) into risk and value management (RVM) comes from the relative similarity of the objectives of these two aspects of construction management. Focusing on RM only can erode value while focusing on VM only can introduce high risks to the project .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rising stature of VRM in the UAE is as a direct result of the events that took place between 2004 and 2008 in the construction sector . In 2004, the construction sector in th e UAE was experiencing unprecedented growth. The country was on the path to achieve its dream of becoming a transport, trade, and commercial hub in the Middle East . This led to an increase in the number of the immigrants looking for work in the Emirates. In addition, many traders were coming to the UAE to close business deals. The result was that the demand for housing and commercial buildings grew. The country saw the construction of an unprecedented number of new buildings to meet the rising demand. Since investment funds were flowing, the speed of construction became the driving force. VM was not central to project planning in the construction industry. The UAE ended up undertaking projects that delivered buildings with the highest energy consumption in the world . In 2008, the UAE economy went through a downturn occasioned by the global financial crisis triggered by the US real estate market . Since that year, there has been a growing appreciation of the role VM can play in the construction industry. The shift towards VM goes back to 2007 when Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE, issued a decree that ordered players in the construction industry to conform to a newly established green standard in their projects . The decree took effect in January 2008 just when the global financial crisis was hitting the UAE. From that time, there has been a steady increase in the number of construction companies using VM in order to meet project goals and the regulatory goals. Evidence in literature suggests that the current state of application of VRM in the UAE is uncoordinated. While there is widespread recognition of the potential saving the use of VRM can bring to projects, the practice is not widespread. It appears that the planning processes of construction projects do not include VRM. A case in point is the low-income housing project in Musaffah, Abu Dhabi in which VRM principles were not part of the planning process . Some of the design choices made by the project planners seemed unsuited for the construction projects. For instance, the houses contained some utilities such as gas-powered central heating, which is not fitting for low-income housing . In addition, the water tanks positioned outside on the roofs of the houses started malfunctioning after three years, yet the project requirements stated that the life cycle for each house was to be twenty-five years . The main contention resulting from this situation is that project planners did not carry out VRM with the users of the house in mind.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rather, the designers used uneconomical design options to raise their design fees since they charge a percentage of overall project cost. The current application of VRM in construction projects in the UAE is also a reflection of the little manpower available to conduct VRM. The VRM Survey Methodology A VRM survey conducted for this project revealed several issues regarding the current and future prospects of VRM in the UAE. The survey involved professionals working in the construction industry with decision-making responsibilities. Results The key findings of the survey were that only ten percent of the engineering professionals in the construction sector have any form of training in VRM, and none of the respondents have participated in a VM program. VM training in the UAE is available in postgraduate courses in construction management. The graduates do not all go to practice VRM hence the lack of involvement in any VRM project. The fact that most professional engineers in the UAE w ithout postgraduate qualifications have not formal training in VRM may indicate the low skill levels in the area of VRM in the country. Other findings in the survey showed that there is a general understanding of what RM is, but the views of respondents on VM did not demonstrate a strong grasp of the concept. When asked about their understanding of VM, most of the respondents used cost savings as the main issue in VM. The answers included phrases like, â€Å"help clients reduce costs†, â€Å"managing expenses in construction†, and â€Å"having the best quality with least money†. Forty percent of the respondents had no idea what VM meant. There seemed to be a perception that VM is part of project scope management because many responses included phrases talking about time, quality, and money. The responses for a similar question relating to RM showed a better understanding of RM in a project. RM is a core part of undergraduate construction courses hence it is not surprising that most of the respondents were articulate about RM. None of the respondents had any experience in analyzing the benefits of VRM exercise because none of them had participated in a VRM exercise. All the respondents felt that the application of VRM in the UAE should continue. The responses depended on their understanding of VRM in the first place. One respondent pointed out that VRM activities take place in large projects only. Therefore, there is a need to downstream the practice. Another respondent also added that the practice of VRM in the UAE is selective. The project managers choose to implement some elements and ignore others. This leads to low return from the VRM process, which requires implementations throughout the project cycle. Based on this survey, the need to make VRM conventional is obvious. If the professionals in the construction industry do not have a clear understanding of the basics of VRM, then the construction industry will not have people who can ch ampion for VRM. The best way to tackle this gap is to include VRM in the training curriculums of all construction courses. Even if this does not produce VRM consultants, it will empower these professionals to evaluate the benefits of VRM in construction projects. The current model where consultants carry out all VRM activities is not sustainable for nationwide impact. If project initiators do not want to spend money on consultants, a project does not benefit fully from VRM. Training all professionals in the industry to understand VRM will increase the appreciation and application of VRM in the industry. In conclusion, while the data available from industry sources such as The Oxford Business Group may suggest a vibrant VRM environment in the UAE, the data collected for this project shows that there are serious training gaps in VRM in the UAE. Industry publications are niche publications hence they may report in detail issues having an effect on a very small part of the overall envir onment. Conclusions The main conclusions from this project are as follows. VRM is increasing in importance in the UAE, partly because of intervention by the state, and partly because of the lessons learnt after the global financial crisis. The decree by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE that took effect in 2008 requires all construction projects to use green principles in construction. VRM is an essential part of ensuring all green projects meet the requirements of the decree. Secondly, there is inadequate capacity in the UAE to mainstream VRM across the construction sector. This conclusion comes from the survey conducted for the purposes of this project to find out the current level of manpower available to push forward the VRM agenda in the UAE. If UAE can train professionals at all levels, then it will improve the practice of VMR in the country. Thirdly, the Engineering Associations in the can play a part in mainstreaming VRM by conducting train ing seminars for all engineers working in the UAE. Currently the training levels of VRM are too advanced. Undergraduate engineers do not have the skills and experience needed to implement VRM in their settings. Finally, institutions of higher learning in the UAE need to include VRM as part of the coursework for all construction courses at undergraduate level. This will serve to increase the capacity of the country to make VRM a part of construction planning for all sizes of projects. References Abdellatif, MA Othman, AA 2008, ‘Improving the Sustainability of Low Income Housing Projects: The Case of Residential Buildings in Musaffah Commercial City in Abu Dhabi.’, Emirates Journal of Engineering, vol 11, no. 2, pp. 47-58. Davies, RH Davies, AJ 2011, Value Management: Translating Aspirations Into Performance, Gower Publishing, Surrey. Gordon, RJ 2012, ‘Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds NBER, vol 18315, pp. 1-23. Jaapar, A Torrance, JV 2010, ‘Contribution of Value Management to the Malaysian Construction Industry: A New Insight’, Faculty of Architecture, Planning Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Karim, SBA, Berawi, MA, Yahya, IA, Abdul-Rahman, H Mohamed, O 2007, ‘The Integration of Value and Risk Management In Infrastructure Projects: Learning from Others’, Quantity Surveying International Conference., Value Management Centre (VMC), Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumper. Koenig, M Meissner, J 2011, ‘Risk Minimizing Strategies for Revenue Management Problems with Target Values. ‘, Working Paper, Department of Management Science, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University Press, Lancaster. KPMG 2003, ‘Internal Audit’s Role in Modern Corporate Governance’, Risk and Advisory Services, KPMG, KPMG, Hong Kong. Meredeth, JR Mantel, SJ 2011, Project Management: A Manager ial Approach, 8th edn, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Othman, AA 2005, ‘Value and Risk Management Protocol for Dynamic Brief Development in Construction’, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 23-36. Othman, AA 2008, ‘Incorporating Value and Risk Managemen Concepts in Developing Low Cost Housing Projects ‘, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, vol 13, no. 1, pp. 45-52. Siterman, E 2009, Value engineering in Dubai, https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-6484-value-engineering-in-dubai#.UK-MnuR1-OH. The Oxford Business Group 2008, The Report: Dubai 2008, Oxford Business Group, Dubai. This essay on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE was written and submitted by user Giancarlo Russell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Legalization of File Sharing

Legalization of File Sharing Share With AllMany computer programs remain available to the public, which allow people from all around the world share music. Currently, the process of sharing free files from user to user is considered illegal and the government recently decided to crack down on the users of these programs such as Kazaa, Lime Wire, and Bear Share. (http://news.ft.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=FT.com/StoryFT/FullStoryc=StoryFTcid=1079420217805) Although illegal, people still chose to download and share files because of the many positive factors, which exist. Sharing music files should be legalized because it allows people to listen to music without paying any charges, allows new artists to be released and heard by the public, and provides people the ability to easily preview music from artists before buying the CD.File sharing programs allow people to download and listen to music without paying any charges. Because of the easiness of using these programs, people can download almost any song fro m thousands of artists around the world.English: File Sharing on JoopeAAfter a person downloads the songs of their choice, they can easily play the audio file from their computer. This allows people to listen to music from basically any computer with connection to the Internet. The ability to download music for example, allows college students who do not have enough spending money to buy a CD, to listen to music from their favorite artists straight from their computer. People who use file sharing programs can save money by burning the audio files from their computer onto a CD. The burnt CD produces basically the same sound quality of the retail CD sold at stores. As you can see, file sharing allows people to download almost any music without the hassle of paying any money.Downloading and sharing music allows people to preview songs of new artists who recently released songs...

Persuasive Letter or Career Paper on Geography Essay

Persuasive Letter or Career Paper on Geography - Essay Example We do not want to be part of the statistic. In 2005, the United Nations and government agencies said the tsunami in Indonesia result to a death toll of 169,752 and the number of missing people at 127,294. (CNN) In 2010, it was reported that more than 50,000 people died from the earthquake that hit Haiti while 3 million were in need of help. (The Associated Press) In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan left the Philippines and 4.4 million homeless people in its wake, not to mention the number of deaths and cost of damaged infrastructure. Do we really want to be in the news this way? We can avoid this. Natural disasters are uncontrollable. Still, we can make sure that when they strike, the damage is not as immense as it has been for the past years. For example, the number of casualties brought about by the tsunami in Indonesia could have been decreased if resort owners were considerate of their surroundings, instead of constructing building structures on almost each and every space available at the waterfront. Trees absorb water. Maybe there would have been less disastrous consequences had there been more trees and higher ground area where the tsunami struck. The wrath of Typhoon Haiyan was inevitable. But the degree of destruction from the ensuing flooding could have also been minimized if the local government had been more prudent, when developing infrastructure, of the island’s location in reference to the surrounding bodies of water. An aerial shot of Tacloban a place greatly affected by Haiyan showed structures positioned tightly beside each other along the coastline. The green spaces were way behind the developments. (Mirchandani) The officials failed to consider the effect of flooding or a strong typhoon. Indeed, natural disasters are beyond man’s control. Nevertheless, if man does his share in nurturing the environment, then he would not need to cope with such kinds of devastation in the aftermath of natural

Arts administration and cultural heritage Research Paper

Arts administration and cultural heritage - Research Paper Example Telecasting companies in the present day are competing with one another to provide customers with best exploiting technology. Public Broadcasting Services (PBS) and Discovery Communications (DC) are two major television networks in the US that provide 24 hours broadcasting services to the country’s citizens. While PBS, with its 345 member stations, is a nonprofit public organization, DC is profit motivated and broadcasts a wide variety of non-fictional programs encompassing the topics of science, engineering, animal and plant life, marine life, science and technology, political events, environmental issues etc. It is one of the most vibrant players in the field surviving the stiff competition from other major network such as national geographic, Times networks etc. Organization and Structure: 1) Mission Statement of PBS: The Mission Statement of PBS encompasses the generation of content that informs, educates, and inspires. To achieve this, PBS provides  programs that develo p the minds of kids, documentaries,  non-commercialized programs for news that keep people informed on events around   the world and other cultures  and  various other programs that introduce US citizens to the worlds of theater, music, art and dance.   PBS has transformed itself from linear broadcasting business to a multi-platform leader that provides Americans access to mobile TV, television,  Web,  interactive whiteboards in the classroom  and more. PBS reaches out through their services to 123 million citizens by way of television and above 21 million people online every month.   2) Mission Statement of Discovery Communications: Discovery Communications is dedicated to being a globally renowned content provider of various options workplace. By building a healthy and wide-ranging work atmosphere that supports flexibility, balance, and different perspectives, they strive to inspire their employees to attain their maximum potential. They value of their team and f acilitate them the best resources and tools in the industry. Structure of PBS and Discovery Communications: 1) Structure of PBS: Primarily, PBS is not a network of television, but a membership business establishment. Out of 1,500 television stations in the US only about 350 are eligible for federal support as public television. â€Å"Of the 11,500 AM and FM stations operating in the U.S., only 1,650 are noncommercial and only about 700 qualify for federal support as public radio. Not wanting competition for their commercial programming, the big three networks successfully lobbied congress against structuring public broadcasting as a fourth network. Congress complied and created a highly decentralized public broadcasting service† (U.S. Public Broadcasting: Structure and Programming, 2003). The Corporation for Public Broadcasting acts as the financial agent for their services. CPB submits their budget straight to Congress and receives the funds as designated. To facilitate matc hing grants for development of programs, CPB receives funding in 3year cycles. On the other hand, the parliament and/or the White House exercise the power to rescind earlier authorization of funds. 2) Structure of Discovery Communications: Discovery Communications has, in the recent past, realigned its American networks portfolio with a view to further improve their content, programs, operational and promotional

Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest - Essay Example The major cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is large-scale cattle ranching. Conversion of forestland to grassland in order to pave way for cattle production is widespread. The leather derived from cattle is exported to other countries while the beef is sold locally and within the highly populated urban markets. The environmentalists have pushed the government. Consequently, they have set stricter compliance regulations for cattle owners and slaughterhouses (Barbosa 2000 p. 34). Another cause of deforestation in the region is commercial agriculture and logging. The emergence of the soybean resulted into major deforestation in the Amazon. The soybean impact drove farmers deeper into the forest. In addition, rice and sugar cane farmers have also invaded the forest. Illegal logging in the forest is also widespread (Andersen 2002 p. 56). Other causes of deforestation are clearance of forest cover for hydroelectric power and mining of mineral, oil and gas. Furthermore, Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. Its high population, rampant rate of urbanization and economic growth has made farmers invade the Amazon. Recent studies reveal that the destruction of the Amazon in every minute is an area equal to 50 football pitches (Carrington 2013 p. 1). Environmentalists fear that if this trend continues, approximately 20% of the forests tree cover will be lost in the next twenty years resulting into the crumble of the forests’

Degenerative Joint Disease Or Osteo Arthritis Nursing Essay

Degenerative Joint Disease Or Osteo Arthritis Nursing Essay Osteoarthritis is the most common cause of disability in the United States. Osteoarthritis affects an estimated 27 million Americans. This painful condition develops when there is a breakdown of cartilage in the joints (Shaw, 2012, p.1). Osteoarthritis can occur with age, or it can be caused by a joint injury or stress on the joints from a specific job, sport or being overweight. Over time, some people experience extreme inflammation and permanent damage to the joint. The joint may even need to be surgically replaced. The chance of developing the disease increases with age. Most people over age 60 have osteoarthritis to some degree, but its severity varies. Even people in their 20s and 30s can get osteoarthritis. In people over 50, more women than men get osteoarthritis (Gazella, 2009). Bone ends are covered with a layer of cartilage and lubricated by a synovial fluid to provide less friction and a smooth surface for the bones to move over each other. The whole joint is enclosed by the synovial sac (Gazella, 2009). In osteoarthritis, the cartilage becomes thinner and rougher while the bone underneath thickens. The ends of the bones start to rub against each other which causes pain and even more damage. The bones try to repair themselves, but this is not very successful, so it results in a more uneven surface of spurs and cracks. The synovium also produces extra fluid, which results in swelling, and there are changes to the ligaments, which cause movement restriction. Muscles may also become weaker Progression is slow and many patients diagnosed with OA will not suffer a great degree of deterioration (Gazella, 2009). The most common other form of arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which has a different pattern of signs and symptoms, although some of the symptoms may overlap. Symptoms of OA can also vary, with flares and remission, which can make diagnosis more difficult. Other factors such as the cold and damp weather often can increase pain. One complication which can occur is calcification, which is when deposits of calcium crystals form in the cartilage to cause further swelling and the joint can become hot and red. Pain and stiffness in the joints are the most common symptom. The pain is often worse after exercise and when you put weight or pressure on the joint. Your joints may ache, or the pain may feel burning or sharp. For some people, the pain may come and go. Constant pain or pain while you sleep may be a sign that your arthritis is getting worse. When you have arthritis, getting up in the morning can be hard. Your joints may feel stiff and creaky for a short period of time, until you get moving. You may also get stiff from sitting. The muscles around the joint may get weaker. This happens a lot with arthritis in the knee. Arthritis can cause swelling in joints, making them feel tender and sore. Joints can start to look like they are the wrong shape, especially as arthritis gets worse. As it gets worse, you may not be able to fully bend, flex, or extend your joints. Or you may not be able to use them at all. Your joints may make crunching, creaking sounds. This creaking may also occur in a normal joint. But in most cases, it doesnt hurt and doesnt mean that there is anything wrong with the joint. The phrase morning stiffness refers to the pain and stiffness you may feel when you first wake up in the morning. Stiffness usually lasts for 30 minutes or less. It can be improved by mild activity that warms up the joint (Shaw, 2012). There are several factors that can increase the risk for developing osteoarthritis, including heredity, obesity, injury, or overuse of certain joints. People born with abnormalities are more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Some people have an inherited defect in one of the genes responsible for making collagen a major component of cartilage; this causes defective cartilage, which leads to more rapid deterioration of joints (Gazella, 2009). Obesity increases the risk of osteoarthritis. Maintaing ideal weight or losing excess weight may help prevent osteoarthritis, or decrease the rate of progression once osteoarthritis is established. Injuries contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. For example, athletes who have knee-related injuries may be at higher risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee. In addition, people who have had a severe back injury may be predisposed to develop osteoarthritis of the spine. People who have had a broken bone extending into the joint margin are prone to develop osteoarthritis in that joint (Osteoarthritis, 2009). Overuse of certain joints increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is not associated with fever, weight loss, or anemia. As of now there is no known cure for osteoarthritis, but treatments can help to reduce pain and maintain joint movement. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can relieve pain, but doesnt reduce inflammation. It has been shown to be effective for people with osteoarthritis who have mild pain to moderate pain. Taking more than the recommended dose can cause liver damage (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs reduce inflammation and reduce pain. Over-the-counter NSAIDs can cause stomach upset, ringing in your ears, cardiovascular problems, bleeding problems, and liver and kidney damage. Narcotics typically contain ingredients similar to codeine and may provide relief from more severe osteoarthritis pain. These stronger medications carry a risk of dependence, though that risk is thought to be small in people who have severe pain. Side effects include nausea, constipation, and sleepiness (Researchers from National Research Center Describe Findings in Osteoarthritis, 2012). Working with a physical therapist can help. The physical therapist can work with you to create an individualized exercise regimen that will strengthen the muscles around your joint, increase the range of motion in your joint and reduce your pain. Find ways to go about your day without stressing your joints. Consider trying splints, braces, shoe inserts or other medical devices that can help reduce your pain. These devices can immobilize or support your joint to help you keep pressure off it (Gazelle, 2009). The Arthritis Foundation and some medical centers have classes for people with osteoarthritis or chronic pain. These classes teach skills that help manage osteoarthritis pain. Injections of corticosteroid medications may relieve pain in the joint. During this procedure the doctor numbs the area around the joint, and then inserts a needle in the space within the joint and injects medication. The number of cortisone shots you can receive each year is limited, because the medication can cause joint damage (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Injections of hyaluronic acid derivatives may offer pain relief by providing some cushioning in your knee. These treatments are made of rooster combs and are similar to a component normally found in your joint fluid (Mayo Clinic, 2012). In joint replacement surgery (arthoplasty), the surgeon removes the damaged joint surfaces and replaces them with plastic and metal devices called prostheses. The hip and knee joints are the most commonly replaced joints. Surgical risks include infections and blood clots. Artificial joints can wear out or come loose and may need to eventually be replaced (Shaw,2012). Medications and other treatments are key to managing pain and disability, but another major component to treatment is your own attitude. Your ability to cope despite pain and disability caused by osteoarthritis often determines how much of an impact osteoarthritis will have on your everyday life. Make a plan with your doctor for managing your arthritis. This will help make you feel that youre in charge of your disease rather than vice versa. Studies show that people who take control of their treatment and actively manage their arthritis experience less pain and function better (Mayo Clinic, 2012). It is also important that you know your limits. Rest when you think it might be needed. Arthritis can make a person feel fatigued and makes that person prone to muscle weakness, a deep exhaustion that makes everything you do a great effort. Resting or taking a short nap that doesnt interfere with nighttime sleep may help a great deal.

American Business History for Motor Vehicle Assembler

Contained in this essay is a business history for one of the first motor vehicle assemblers in the United States. Several aspects of the company and the entire industry would be discussed herein.The company’s organizational structure was at that time hierarchically arranged, with lower management and job levels reporting to top ones—all the way to corporate governance.The company had a 5000-labor force; most were located in the assembling facilities as assemblers. Marketing employees were scattered all over the country and therefore gave the company a national outlook. Other than employees, the company had a network of associates that provided vital services and support.Like many other motor vehicle assemblers in the United States, this one, too, was initially located in Detroit, Michigan (Robert, 2005, p. 96). Among the reasons for locating in the Midwest was high concentration of various parts suppliers in the region, which helped reduce the cost of transporting to ot her areas. In addition, the high concentration of vehicle part makers and assemblers resulted to development of highly skilled population, whose employment increased company productivity.The three resources needed to run the vehicle assembler included parts and accessories, skilled labor and energy. All three components were widely available in the region and in abidance. In addition, company founders understood that increased demand for respective products would call for more of the three inputs and therefore chose to locate in Detroit, a city famed for its ability to provide industrial environmental support to motor assemblers (Nelson & Stephen, 2001, p. 147).As mentioned earlier, parts and accessories were sourced from independent suppliers although the company was manufacturing some. Labor was readily available and the company embarked on retraining employees as a way of improving assembling skills. Power was bought from independent producers who had proved reliable on that fron t.The initial capital to start the business was $650 Million that was raised from banks and share offering. The company founders first embarked on seeking bank loan on which they raised about $250 Million. The industry’s potential to create money for investors led to several wealthy individuals seeking to provide capital for the company, on which another $150 Million was realized. These amount was however not enough capital, which led to founders floating shares in New York Stock Exchange. Investors from all walks of life applied for the stock. In fact, company shares were over subscribed by over 100 percent.The final products (motor vehicles) were supplied to customers through company owned dealerships in major cities (Stephen, 2003, p. 54). The company was also encouraging individual entrepreneurs to establish own outlets to market company products.Discounts and other incentives resulted to establishment of privately owned dealership all over the country, and thus gave the company a national outlook. The company was finally able to reach its target market—all Americans hungry of enjoying the newly found mobility (Haruhito & Kazuo, 1995, p. 108).The motor vehicles were competitively priced in order to appeal to the target market. To publicize the products and create differentiation from competitors, the company was undertaking campaign tours throughout the country; privately owned dealerships were provided with assistance in marketing around respective jurisdictions.Despite the many benefits of mobility provided by motor vehicle, the company and the entire industry were concerned with fatal accidents, which resulted to legal considerations on assemblers’ liability (David, 2004, p. 18). Industry participants thus embarked on warning customers on the dangers and the need to be careful when operating motor vehicles.ReferencesDavid, A. (2004). The Genesis of American Mass Vehicle Production. Baltimore: JHU.Haruhito, S. & Kazuo W. (1995). Ford ism Transformed. New York: OUP.Nelson, L. & Stephen, M. (2001). On the Line. Urbana: UoI.Robert, A. (2005). History of   US Auto Industry. Albany: SUNNY.Stephen, M.   (2003). Competition Management in US Auto Industry. Albany:   SUNNY.

Abraham Conclusion Essay

While writing the whole play for my group, and doing research, I learned a lot of things about Abraham. God helped Abraham a lot, first with the blessing, then Lot, and even for the birth of Isaac. Most of the time when something bad happens, Abraham doubted God. God never zapped him, or kill him, He was patient. At the end, Abraham could not help Isaac find a wife himself for he is weak and old, he trusted that God will help him like the way God helped him before. I think faith means to trust God completely, 100%. True faith is shown, when you yourself could not help anymore, only God could. And you trust unto Him a very hard job, being sure that He will be able to do it. See more: Beowulf essay essay This happened when Abraham was too old to go look for a wife for Isaac, he had faith that God will find one for him, and God did. What I learned about God while reading about Abraham is that God is very patient. Every time Abraham questions or doubts him, he doesn’t get angry. I also learned that God is faithful and true to his word. Every single promise God made came true, though not the way some people expected it. Last of all, I learned that God is omniscience. Though Sarah is very old and beyond the age of child bearing, God was able to make her have her son, the son that was the one to take the true blessing, Isaac.

Invasion of Australia essays

Invasion of Australia essays Invasion, Settlement or Colonisation For over 60,000 years Aboriginal people lived on this continent, owning, caring for and being sustained by the land. With their deep knowledge of nature and respect for the environment in which they lived, they developed a successful economy and a rich spiritual and cultural life. 1788 saw the arrival of Europeans and the decimation of the aboriginal people. 1. Enter territory with armed forces to attack, damage or occupy it. 2. Crowd in; tourists invaded the city. 3. Penetrate harmfully; the disease had invaded all parts of the body. Invasion suggests that there was already an inhabitant of the land and that the land of the inhabitants was. It also suggests that there was force used in claiming the land from its original inhabitants through use of military force. The European government that came to colonise Australia referred to the land as Terra Nullius, which means land that belongs to no one. They divided up land that was not theirs and built houses and farms. The aborigines were seen as savages. 1. Not civilized; barbaric: a savage people. 2. Ferocious; fierce: in a savage temper. The Aborigines were forced off their native land and when they opposed they were shot, hung or executed by other means. One such occasion was the Battle of Pinjarra. They might have called it the Battle of Pinjarra but like all of the massacres of the Aborigines it was more a case of wholesale slaughter than of some equally poised, European-style battle. Wrote Bruce Elder in his book Blood on the Wattle: the massacres and maltreatment of Australian Aborigines. Invasion, Settlement or Colonisation When the continent was invaded by Europeans in the nineteenth century, the White historians who wrote about Australia included a section on the nati ...

Ishi Living the Way essays

Ishi Living the Way essays Ishi has always strived to help his family; ingrained in him is a responsibility and desire to help protect and provide for them. Life for the remaining Yahi people becomes more and more complicated as their population decreases, and the saldu presence in the Yahi world increases. Ishi and his family are constantly adapting their lifestyle to survive in an ever-changing world. The one constant in Ishis life, weather he is living in the Yahi world or the saldu world, is his endless quest to live in accordance with the way, or in harmony with nature. Imbedded in Ishi is a respect for all the creatures around him. Ishi feels one with the world around him, the animals around him are not lesser beings, and they are an essential part of the world Kaltsuna and Jupka created thousands of years ago. A small cotton-tail rabbit came out of the brush, hopping closer and closer to him...with a last hop, rabbit landed between Ishis hands....I am hungry. My People are hungry. It is the duty of the hunter to take what he can. But this four-footer I shall not take. It came to me without fear, knowing I was not hunting.(Ishi last of his tribe Pg 46) How many could say truthfully, that near starving they would let an easy catch go? Not many. Ishi follows the way and does not take anything he doesnt need, or kill animals that come to him when he isnt hunting no matter how hungry he is. To Ishi what is one night of hunger for the life of a rabbit that trusted him? Ishi shows this kind of respect again while hunting the spring deer with Timawi. They observe the deer eating, and get the attention of the deer. They kill one of the younger males, and when they are finished they cover up all traces of the kill. The Yahi use the entire deer, the meat, the hide and the bones. The other deer and the birds and rabbits which had been close by disappeared into the brush...But there was no panic...nothing wa...

National Public Health Performance Standards Assignment

National Public Health Performance Standards - Assignment Example While answering these questions, responses given to the National Public Health Performance Standards helps in identifying the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities available for investment by the public health. One of the national performance standards is to Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. According to the crafters of this standard, its main service include providing health information, offering the public with health education and promotion of health activities which are designed to reduce the risk of health among the people, consequently promoting better health to the public (â€Å"Centre For Disease Control And Prevention†, 2013). Focusing on partnering health education and health promotion programs with schools, faith communities, and work sites, personal care providers, among others so as to implement and reinforce health promotion programs strengthens the standard. Through such programs, the public is aware of the most important health messages they wish to send across to the people. More particularly, the exploitation of a number of channels to communicate these messages such as the social media and media advocacy has successfully communicated these m essages to the people. Thus, the biggest strength of this standard is the effective communication of important health information and education to the public through different channels. School programs and religious organizations used as platforms for the spread of the information successfully make sure that all people receive the information on time. Outbreaks of diseases and immunization as well as education of the public on the various ways of maintaining their health is strength of the standard (â€Å"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention† 2013). Because of the application of these standards, I would expect the public to be more vigilant on the need to maintain their health. According to the feeding activities of the

Why has feminism not been able to remove all sources of gender Essay

Why has feminism not been able to remove all sources of gender discrimination - Essay Example This essay "Why has feminism not been able to remove all sources of gender discrimination?" outlines the possible reasons why the women haven’t achieved the due recognition and the feminism movement. Apart from the pre conceived mindset of men being the superior forces, the cultural barriers and the cultural mindset that believes the man to be in a stronger position from different perspectives should be eliminated and equal opportunity and equal capability based mindset should be harnessed which will allow for the gender discrimination to get eliminated. The report published showing the findings from Great Britain institutions also come along with recommendations. Few of these include the introduction of clauses where the political parties are bound to increase the number of seats that they must dedicate to women. Similarly, other business enterprises, both private and government assisted must reserve quota for women which will allow for more inclusion of women. The lack of skilled women and the lack of women who can meet and fulfill the criteria of becoming the top heads of the business organizations or the government institutions or the political parties, all these would require women to be equipped in an effective manner. The need is to impart true means of education and empowerment amongst the women from grass root level. Policies and actions must be devised which will help the women in a longer run towards becoming an equal and effective members of the society and decision-making corridors.